Customary Law in Nigeria: All You Need To Know NATURE AND SOURCES OF NIGERIAN LEGAL … Common law which was developed from its post-colonial independence. The other primary sources of law can only operate through case law. The Customary Criminal law has been abolished by various statutes like the Penal Code and Criminal Code. However, England through the Family Law Reform Act of 1969 made 18 the age of majority. Insurance Act, 2003. To appreciate the extent of its influence, one should remember that the English law in operation in Nigeria was not one corpus The Capital Gains Tax Act regulates capital gains tax in Nigeria. Laws Regulating E-Commerce in Nigeria This paper has been able to a large extent discuss convincingly some salient issues that are usually of concern when customary law is been discussed as a source of law in Nigeria. Nigerian Legislation The Nigerian Legislation constitutes the Act of parliament of the National Assembly, which has power to make laws for the Federation, and the State House of Assembly for each State of the Federation . Nigeria has a bicameral legislature at national level ( see Question 3 ). This is the most important source of Nigerian law. Listing under States/Federal Capital Territory and Areas of Practice. The objectives of the new Climate Act. Act, 2017 Nigerian Institute of Transport Technology Act - CAP. UNITED NATIONS DECADE OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 321 II. Nigerian Nigerian Legal System | Post-Independence Nigerian Government By Tonnie Iredia. English law: Just like I noted before, English law contributes greatly in the laws of Nigeria. These educational institutions are not only public institutions but also private owned ones. This course deals with 15 … The Nigerian legal system. (Book, 1993) [WorldCat.org] It essentially aims at bridging noticeable gaps in the literature on legal, policy and institutional frameworks … The constitution also contains the rights and duties of every Nigerian. Download pdf file here for free . Customary law which is derived from traditional norms and practices indigenous to the country. The Federal Government has promulgated various laws and regulations to safeguard the Nigerian environment, including the Federal Environmental Protection Agency Act of 1988 (FEPA Act). Sources Of Nigerian Law: 5 Main Sources of Law in … Protecting Business Interests Following Termination. Other legislation includes the: Employment & Labour Law 2021 | Nigeria | ICLG As a federation, there are numerous sources of environmental law including the Constitution,22 International treaties, state laws, local government laws, and common law. 1. The law that governs arbitration in Nigeria is The Arbitration and Conciliation Act 1988, which is applicable over the federation except for Lagos State that has its own law, The Lagos State Arbitration law, 2009 (LSAL). The Nigerian Constitution is supreme as it helps the 3 arms […] Nigeria The two fundamental sources of Nigerian law through legislation are (1) Acts of British parliament, popularly referred to as statutes of general application during the period before independence. CIVIL LAW AND CRIMINAL LAW. LEGISLATION AS A SOURCE OF LAW IN NIGERIA - WELCOME TO ... Customary law: These are the laws of the indigenous peoples of Nigeria prior to the advent of the colonialists. Insurance Law. NIGERIAN LEGISLATION. SOURCES OF NIGERIAN LAW TABLE CONTENTS Title Page———i Certification——–ii Dedication———iii Acknowledgement——-iv Abstract ———vi Table of Content——–vii Chapter One 1.0 Introduction ——-1 1.1 …. These laws are usually written in a legal document called the constitution. Law Firms and Experts in Nigeria. The current legislation in force at the federal level is largely contained in the Laws of the Federation of Nigeria 1990 (LFN). Some of these employment laws include the Nigerian Labour Act, the Pensions Act, the Industrial Training Act, Employee Compensation Act, Trade Unions Act, among few others. The corporate sector risk score is a combination of a) cyclicality b) ease of doing business and c) sector specific dynamics scores and is intended to provide users with an overview of the major factors that impact … The Central Bank of Nigeria Act 24, 1991. A copyright is an exclusive right given to the originator of creative work to reproduce the work for a limited period. Many states in Nigeria have laws regulating contracts and which laws are codifications of common law principles. The Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) said recently that with the proposed reform of the electoral Act, the 2023 election may be the last “mainly manual” election in Nigeria. To give some perspective to the sociological context of crime, the meaning of crime and the object of an offense covers both physical and mental factors. On Thursday, November 18, 2021, President Muhammad Buhari signed into law the Climate Change Bill passed by the National Assembly. Thus, the age of majority in Nigeria is … Summary: General overview of Nigeria's national legal provisions on children's rights, including guidance on how to conduct further research. D. The Validity of Customary Law. The Sources of Nigerian law are primarily: (1) the Nigerian Constitution (special legislation) (2) Nigerian Legislations (3) Nigerian Case Law (Judicial Precedents) (4) Customary law (5) Sharia/Islamic Law; and (6) Received English Law, (7) International Laws (through the Constitutional provision of Section 12). 7. Laws of the Federation of Nigeria. It focuses on the Nigerian legal system and Judicial Precedent. Main sources of law The Nigerian Constitution.Legislation (Ordinances, Acts, laws, decrees, edicts and bye-laws).Judicial precedents. The environment in Nigeria faces the risk of degradation due to human activities and civilization. CONTRACT DEFINED A contract is a legally enforceable agreement. Lagos: MIJ Professional Publishers Ltd., 1996. These are English law, Nigerian legislation, Nigerian case law and customary law; however only the first three sources are relevant to the subject of Commercial law. National Environmental Standards Regulations and Enforcement Agency (Establishment) Act 2007 (NESREAA) and the 33 Regulations made by the Minister of Environment under section 34 of the Act This statute was created under the 1999 Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria … Tobi, N., Sources of Nigerian law. Law Library of Congress Search: Nigeria (Library of Congress) Nigeria Law external link (International Centre for Nigerian Law , with the Chambers of E.C.M. Read Also: How to Start Forex Trading in Nigeria There is a need for the legislation to wake up and take proactive steps to ensure that the consumers’ rights are protected as profit-oriented businesses serve them and … The Characteristics of Customary Law. C. Establishing Customary Law. As a lawyer in Nigeria, you would have been called “the law” by other people. Lawyers and Judges contribute their fair share to the development of Nigerian law through Judicial decisions and case law generally form a growing source of the land law today. Answer (1 of 4): These are sources of Constitution: The act of parliament: these laws that are passed by the members of the parliament (legislature) the national assembly members in Nigeria also in the 36 state of federation,we have house of assembly in the 774 local government in … Plc v. Bilante Int’l Ltd. [1997] 8 NWLR (Pt. 3. Major Sources of Nigerian Law/ConstitutionWritten Constitution Document. Most modern constitutions derive their origin from the laws already written down. ...Organic Laws. ...Judicial Decisions. ...Customs and Conventions. ...Writing of eminent Lawyers and jurists also act as a source ofthe constitution. ...International Laws. ...Independence and constitutional ConferencesHistorical Document. ... Nigeria's Largest Information Portal. Nigeria (/ n aɪ ˈ dʒ i r i ə / ), officially the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a country in West Africa.It is the most populous country in Africa; geographically situated between the Sahel to the north, and the Gulf of Guinea to the south in the Atlantic Ocean; covering an area of 923,769 square kilometres (356,669 sq mi), with a population of over 211 million. 515) 37. Communications And Media Law. As far as Nigeria is concerned, Education Law is the part of the law of the country that purposefully governs educational institutions operating within her borders. However, they are only applicable in civil circumstances. A Bill that seeks to provide a legal framework for the administration of Nigeria’s territorial sea and offshore activities scaled third reading on the floor of … HISTORICAL OUTLINE 323 A. Nigeria andPre-ColonialInternational Law 323 B. Nigeria and … There are also instances where legislation is not clear, in these instances the court uses the rules of interpretation to clarify the provision of the legislation. There are four distinct legal systems in Nigeria, which include English law, Common law, Customary law, and Sharia Law. The Constitution of Nigeria is the supreme law of the country. The main objective of the climate law is to provide an overarching legal framework for achieving … nigérian law has evolved from four main sources : English law, Nigerian customary law, local legislations and the decisions of local courts of law.1 Of these, English law has exercised the most predominant influence. Share This: Facebook Twitter Google+ Pinterest Linkedin Whatsapp. 2004 Nigerian Legion Act CAP. List and compendium of Federal/State Laws & Treaties. A. Introducing you to Nigerian Legal System, and the basic principles and sources of Nigerian Legal System. law activities in Nigeria is the Labour Act Cap 198, Laws of the Federation of Nigeria, 1990, while others such as the Trade Disputes Act, the Workmen’s Compensation Act, Trade Unions Act, and the Factories Act complement it. Nigerian labour law. Nigerian labour law looks into the rights, working conditions, minimum wage, termination clauses, and many other rules set by the government of Nigeria. Objectives of the Study The objective of the paper is to examine copyright law and photocopying practice in Nigeria. The Nigerian Law school which was first established in Lagos in 1962 was for instance, hurriedly relocated to the town of Bwari near … Before Nigeria gained independence in 1960, we adopted some laws from our colonial masters. There are environmental laws meant to protect the environment from degradation. Nigerian Senate Passes Law To Administer Country’s Territorial Sea The passage of the bill followed the consideration of a report on it by the Committee on Judiciary, Human Rights and Legal Matters. Richard Adeniyi Adebayo, Nigeria’s industry, trade and investment minister, said the exchange of goods with Turkey will rise dramatically from its current level of $2 billion. The law seemed to have left the regulations to technopreneurs and the other players in Nigerian E-commerce and this is not good enough. Nigeria (/ n aɪ ˈ dʒ i r i ə / ), officially the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a country in West Africa.It is the most populous country in Africa; geographically situated between the Sahel to the north, and the Gulf of Guinea to the south in the Atlantic Ocean; covering an area of 923,769 square kilometres (356,669 sq mi), with a population of over 211 million. In terms of section 27, the High Court of the Federal Capital Territory, Abuja, has jurisdiction to hear and grant applications brought under this … Nigeria needs law on data sovereignty to handle electoral litigations that may arise from electronic voting and transmission of results due to hacking. The primary sources include English law (consisting of the received English law as well the extended English law); Nigerian legislation and subsidiary enactments; Nigerian case law or judicial precedent; and customary law rules; including the Islamic There are four distinct legal systems in Nigeria, which include English law, Common law, Customary law, and Sharia Law.English law in Nigeria is derived from the … The paper explore how these bodies of laws contribute to environmental protection in Nigeria and the inter-relationship between them. Insurance Act, 2003. On August 16, 2021, the long-awaited Petroleum Industry Bill (PIB) was finally signed into law by President Muhammadu Buhari (now Petroleum Industry Act - PIA), to end nearly two decades of political gymnastics on the bill. Sunday October 24, 2021 / 03:17 AM / by GCR Ratings/ Header Image Credit: combineways The GCR Nigerian Corporate Sector Risk Assessment. Orient Bank (Nig.) • The Sharia/Muslim laws. Insurance Law. The sources of the Nigerian Immigration Law are divided into primary and secondary sources. A collective effort of Nigeria’s tech startup ecosystem and the Presidency for the advancement of the digital economy through co-created … Applicable law. Transport And Maritime Law. N115 L.F.N. The study will specifically: 1. highlight the concept of copyright law in Nigeria. July 27, 2017 in Nigerian Legal System. B. Nigeria: Overview Of General Commercial Laws In Nigeria. The Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria (Third Alteration) Act, 2010 The Labour Act is the principal legislation governing employment relations in Nigeria. 2004 Nigeria Institute of Soil Science (Establishment, etc.) Customary law.. COPYRIGHT LAWS IN NIGERIA. Foot Notes [1] Ifediorah v ume (1988) 2 NWLR (pt.74)5 Civil Aviation (Repeal And Re-enactment) Act 2006. Nigeria’s current climate goal, set in July, is to reduce emissions 20% below a business as usual projection by 2030. Civil Aviation Regulations 2006 part 1 Act by establishing the … B. English Law Extending to Nigeria. Legislation is classified into statute or subsidiary legislation. C.A Critical Examination in the Context of English Law as a Source of. It is usually made by the legislature which consists of the house of rep and the Senate .They are referred to as the national assembly S.4 (1) CFRN 1999. Today, Nigeria uses a tripartite system of criminal law and justice: the Criminal Code (based on English Common Law and legal practice); the Penal Code (based on Maliki Law and a Muslim … Status of the CRC in national law The Constitution of the Republic of Nigeria ("the Constitution") provides that in "no treaty...shall have the force of law to the extent to which any such treaty has been … Download pdf file here for free. CUSTOMARY LAW. The five main sources of Law include: Parliament, Europe, Statutory Interpretation, Judicial Precedent, and Delegated Legislation. Parliament uses its powers to create new law, or statutes as they are known which tackle major changes in the modern day society. They are called the criminal and penal codes of Nigeria.. Nigerian statutes as sources of Nigerian law. The Blockchain Industry Coordinating Committee of Nigeria (BICCON), has said it is not lawful for Nigerian financial institutions to arbitrarily freeze … After Nigerian became an independent state, the body vested with the power to make law made laws for the good governance of the country. Nigerian Senate Passes Law To Administer Country’s Territorial Sea The passage of the bill followed the consideration of a report on it by the Committee on Judiciary, Human Rights and Legal Matters. Since customary law in Nigeria is not uniform, it will suffice to say that a deceased person cannot, while alive confer inheritance rights on persons not so entitled under customary law by naming them his next-of-kin. Civil Aviation (Repeal And Re-enactment) Act 2006. posted on February 21, 2019. Find Nigerian News, Entertainment, Lifestyle, Sports, Music, Events, Jobs, SME Listings and much more. The CAA 2006 also establishes the Accident Investigation Bureau (“AIB”). Does Nigeria use common law? By Sherif August 5, 2019 Nigeria 0 Comments. ADMINISTRATION OF COPYRIGHT IN NIGERIA. The Customary system prohibits blasphemy by section 204 of Nigeria's Criminal Code. Equity. National laws on children's rights. Designs and construction contracts due to their unique nature and technicalities, usually contain terms that are standard and reflect the agreed construction process in standard uniform forms. Rape. The civil law refers to the relationship between citizens … 7 strange laws in the Nigerian constitution Reward for stolen property. Now, this is especially tricky. ... Jactitation of marriage. In Nigeria, you can obtain a 'jactitation of marriage' , what this means is that you can get an injunction against someone from claiming to be ... Christian wives. ... Army green. ... Witchcraft. ... Breach of promise to marry. ... Sale of matches made with white phosphorus. ... Under Nigerian law, environmental law includes all the sources of Nigerian law that impact the environment. If any other law is inconsistent with the provisions of this Constitution, this Constitution shall prevail, and that other law shall, to the extent of the inconsistency, be void. With international financing, this target rises to 47%. PART 1. While oil provides the vast majority of Nigeria’s export revenues, the sector is also responsible for much of the country’s emissions. The regulatory body that is in charge of implementing the provisions of the CAMA is the Corporate Affairs Commission (CAC). Law made by the legislative arm of the government. Table ofContents INTRODUCTION 312 ARGUMENT OF THE PAPER 312 DEFINITIONS 317 I. Nigeria has four distinct legal systems namely; English law which is derived from colonial Nigeria. CONCLUSION From the foregoing no doubt, that indigenous laws are important sources of law under the Nigerian legal system. The Blockchain Industry Coordinating Committee of Nigeria (BICCON), has said it is not lawful for Nigerian financial institutions to arbitrarily freeze … The Law of Nigeria consists of courts, offences, and various types of laws. The note should help the reader a. 5. English law in Nigeria is derived from the … The Labour Act. [To list/update your book listing or for inquiries and orders (depending on availability), email books@lawnigeria.com and lawnigeria@gmail.com] Rape against women is a significant ill plaguing the Nigerian society, and one of the least reported crimes in Nigeria. Nigerian Legal System LEGISLATION AS A SOURCE OF LAW IN NIGERIA. To follow up with a legal dictionary of this magnificence is truly awe-inspiring and I wholeheartedly endorse the efforts of DSC Publications in ensuring the completion of Deji … Prominent Legislation & Socio-Economic Update . In Nigeria, that legislation is the Foreign Judgements (Reciprocal Enforcements) Act, Cap. (2) Local legislation (comprising enactments of the Nigerian legislatures from colonial period to date). N118 L.F.N. Nigeria has a constitution and the constitution validates every institution in the country. “A contract is an The primary law governing companies and businesses in Nigeria is the Company and Allied Matters Act (CAMA). 7.1 What types of restrictive covenants … In essence, case law is a very important source of Nigerian law. This note will commence with an introduction to the meaning of sources of law, and it will help the reader understand the nature, functions, and types of sources, then it will introduce the discussion on the primary sources of Nigerian law, beginning with the application of English law in Nigeria. The Nigerian Communications Act 2003 The Nigerian Communications Act 2003 The Nigerian Communications Act 2003. Formal sources such as the common law of England, case law, international law, the constitution and other Nigerian statutes and laws form the fulcrum of the discourse. Cultures of several ethnic groups. In order to rally private sector participation in gas utilisation, the PIA provides up to ten years tax holiday for gas companies, which is incremental to the five years maximum, earlier provided by … objectives, the course addresses the nature, sources and classification of law . Under the Act, judgements of courts in certain foreign countries may be enforced in Nigeria and It also examines the pluralistic nature of Nigeria in terms of ethnicity, religion, and law, and argues that the religious law paradigm is problematic for the discussion of laws at the global level generally and within the Nigerian legal system in particular. The Law of Nigeria consists of courts, offences, and various types of laws. Nigerian Law. The course strives to instill in students basic knowledge and understanding of criminal law, law of torts, contract and principal and agent relationship. The Received English Law. Judgments of the Courts of Nigeria. This nickname is an allusion to the importance of lawyers and judges in the legal system. Adopted Law from Another Country. LEGISLATION AS A SOURCE OF LAW IN NIGERIA on. There were other sources which though subsumed in Nigerian legislations were distinctly imported into the Nigerian legal systems. The Senate Tuesday resolved to intervene in the diplomatic row between Nigeria and the United Arab Emirates (UAE) following disagreements between both countries. An overview of the origins of Nigerian criminal law focuses on its relationship with English common law but emphasizes that Nigerian legislative enactment is the primary source of law. 1. A. Brave enough, the Nigerian Senate in its wisdom is considering a bill to repeal the extant law and to re-enact a new FRA. Some of these laws that are not favourable to women include the aspects of rape, Indecent Assault, Domestic Violence, Customary law practices, Will and Property Rights, Marriage and Divorce, amongst others. The Federal Republic of Nigeria operates two court systems. This can be seen in S.32 interpretation acts LFN 2004 which has to make sure that the Received English Law is accepted as law in Nigeria. Nigerian law is derived from four (4) main sources. SOURCES OF NIGERIAN LAW. 152. ii. These broad aims will be achieved by: i. The Constitution provides a Customary (secular) system and a system that incorporates Sharia. Abstract. In signing the law, the President has made Nigeria join an elite group of countries that have enacted emissions-target legislation aiming to eliminate carbon emissions. Foreign laws equally form part of the body of laws that form the sources of the Nigerian law in addition to the English law, Islamic law, customary law and the local legislations. Legislative, whose powers are vested by the Nigerian Constitution in the National Assembly. When you think of the law, one of the first things to come to your mind is lawyers and judges in their wig and gown. The Sources of Nigerian law are primarily: (1) the Nigerian Constitution (special legislation) (2) Nigerian Legislations (3) Nigerian Case Law (Judicial Precedents) (4) Customary law (5) Sharia/Islamic Law; and (6) Received English Law, (7) International Laws (through the Constitutional provision of Section 12). On Thursday, the president also signed the Asset Management Corporation of Nigeria (Amendment) Act into law. Continue Reading. • Constitutionality of legislation 2. Sasegbon’s Laws of Nigeria is the first-ever legal encyclopedia of Nigerian law. Nigerian legislation is the most important source of law because it is through Nigerian legislation that other sources of law are validated into the Nigerian jurisdiction. Nigeria: Family laws in Nigeria, including whether a spouse or former spouse can use family laws to track the location of their minor child if the other spouse relocates with the child to a different area of Nigeria (2017-March 2020) 1. In this write-up, we will briefly the impact of some of these laws on employment matters in Nigeria. “The Federal Government of Nigeria has taken steps in advancing the rule of law, application of human rights, enhancing the freedom of information and by … Petroleum Industry Act 2021: Passed, but with Many Scars . Transport And Maritime Law. Published under over 50 Areas of Practice. The Cybercrimes (Prohibition, Prevention Etc) Act 2015 5 – This Act provides a legal, regulatory and institutional framework for the prohibition, prevention, detection, prosecution and punishment of cybercrimes in Nigeria. 2004 Nigerian Law Reform Commission Act CAP. Capital Gains Tax. This study, in nineteen chapters, deals with the various issues pertaining to land law in Nigeria. Nigerian Legal System in resolving disputes as and when necessary. In year 2000, the Nigerian Television Authority, NTA, was directed to implement a bogus policy of building a television station in … Executive, whose powers are vested by the President. Treaties [Bilateral & Multilateral] of Nigeria. … *We acknowledge Prof. Itse Sagay SAN whose seminal text, Nigerian Law of Contract, is instrumental to the drawing of these Notes for free use by students of law. The Nigerian Communications Act 2003 The Nigerian Communications Act 2003 The Nigerian Communications Act 2003. It must be noted that not every dispute can be resolved through Arbitration. Judicial, whose powers are vested by the federal courts, including the Supreme Court of Nigeria. The Constitution of Nigeria is the supreme law of the country. Nigeria has its major source of criminal laws from the two principal codes, namely, the Criminal Code Act Cap C38 Laws of the Federation of Nigeria, 2004, and the Penal Code Cap C8, Laws of the Federation of Nigeria, 2004. Nigerian legislation may be classified as follows. The Nigerian common law is divided into 2 broad aspects, which are: • The non-Muslim/Ethic laws and. Nigeria has its own constitution which was established on 29 May 1999. 2004 Nigerian Investment Promotion Commission Act - CAP. The Central Bank of Nigeria Act 24, 1991. N116 L.F.N. Both systems can punish blasphemy. Legislation as a Source of Nigerian Law. The non-Muslim laws are referred to as the indigenous laws and these laws are derived from the various ethnic groups in Nigeria. We can classify the sources of Nigerian law into two aspects, namely, primary and secondary sources. There are a lot of things to be said as far as … Introduction. The key pieces of environmental legislation are the following:-. Legislation An overview of family law in Nigeria prepared by members of a Nigerian law firm [1] Country/Territory Nigeria Document type Legislation Date 1977 (1990) Source FAO, FAOLEX Long title An Act to dissolve the Nigerian National Oil Corporation and to establish the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation empowered to engage in all commercial activities relating to the Petroleum industry and to enforce all regulatory measures relating to the general control of … It should be noted that this doesn’t apply to Nigeria since it was made after 1900 in a foreign country. Several other reforms such as the Law of Minerals and Mining Act. Contract law in Nigeria is one of the developments in the economic and legal reform of the Federal Government of Nigeria aimed at protecting the rights of the parties involved in business transactions. 2.0 Justification Law does not operate in a vacuum. The primary sources mainly consist of the Immigration Act, 2015, Immigration Regulations, 2017 and the Nigerian Visa Policy, 2020, while the secondary sources are the 1999 Constitution as altered and Nigerian Oil and Gas Industry Content Development … This Essay discusses the 'religious law' and 'customary law' paradigms in the context of the Nigerian legal system. Capital … Communications And Media Law. Employment Law in Nigeria: Part I. Nigeria is a federal constitutional republic located on the west coast of Africa. The 4. Some of those sources include: Adopted Law from another country. N117 L.F.N. The AIB is responsible for the investigation of accidents and incidents arising out of or during navigation in or over Nigeria, or occurring to Nigerian-registered aircraft elsewhere, and/or where the interest of Nigeria is involved. Nigeria, concepts of ‘copyright’, ‘photocopying’, and ‘fair use’ under the Nigerian copyright law. Housing Act Industrial Training Fund Act National Health Insurance Scheme Act Immigration Act, and National Industrial Court Act etc. He said the proponents of the bill titled, ‘A bill for an Act to amend the Legal Education (Consolidation, etc.) Nigeria is one indivisible and indissoluble sovereign state to be known by the name of the Federal Republic of Nigeria. Blasphemy law in Nigeria. Namely: Concept of ownership; ownership and communal land holding under customary land tenure; individual land ownership; family land ownership; alienation under customary law; nature of customary tenancy; pledge; the law of property; an overview of the effect of the Land Use … The ownership and control of all minerals, oil and gas in Nigeria, its territorial waters and exclusive economic zone is vested in the Federal Government based on the provision of section 44(3) of the 1999 Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria.The Federal Government is mandated to manage such natural resources in a manner as may be prescribed … Reference from: cedik.com.mx,Reference from: miroiterie-petitjean.fr,Reference from: ahmadsystems.com,Reference from: nightfirepatches.com,
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