– It is the policy of the State to pursue a Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP). 131 and Executive Order No. The meaning of agrarian reform has gone beyond mere distribution of land to landless farmers. 6657, alternatively called the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law was signed by President Corazon C. Agrarian Law and Social Legislation (Paper... by Atty. Creation of the Department of Agrarian Reform. Agrarian reform in the Philippines seeks to solve the centuries-old problem of landlessness in rural areas. Section 2: Declaration of Principles and Policies are stated in section 2. RA 6657 is ConstitutionalIn the case of Association of Small Landowners in the Philippines, Inc. v. Secretary of Agrarian Reform, 2 the Supreme Court held:[Section 3(a) of RA 6657] 2. Agrarian reform and conflict in the rural areas of the Philippines are closely intertwined. 129-A modifying Executive Order No. Captive Land: The Politics of Agrarian Reform in the Philippines. Section 1. The Duterte administration is heir to an agrarian reform program with several shortcomings. THE PRACTICE with Atty Sara Jane SuguitanTopic: Agrarian ReformGuest : Atty. Report submitted to the Department of Agrarian Reform by the Institute of Judicial Administration, University of the Philippines Law Centre, Diliman, Quezon City [Google Scholar]: 7). Introduction The unpopularity and total failure of the Marcos land reform plan paved the way for the initiation of the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program in the Spanish agricultural sector, during the Presidency of Aquino. 6657 (R.A. 6657) was enacted and, subsequently, when Republic Act No. No. an act strengthening the comprehensive agrarian reform program (carp), extending the acquisition and distribution of all agricultural lands, instituting necessary reforms, amending for the purpose certain provisions of republic act no. This is the main law on agrarian reform in the Philippines today. 6657) [Republic Act No. HISTORICAL AND LEGAL BACKDROP (MODULE 1)A. The Special Agrarian Courts shall have the powers and prerogatives inherent in or belonging to the Regional Trial Courts. The encomienda system of plantations in the PhilippinesB. Speech of His Excellency Manuel Roxas President of the Philippines Message on Agrarian Reforms [August 8, 1946, Philippine Congress] I am transmitting to you at this time for your earnest consideration proposed amendments to the Tenancy Law, and am accompanying these proposals with the first report of the Agrarian Commission which … 229 regarding the organization of the Barangay Agrarian Reform Committee (BARC) shall be in effect.Section 47. The program was to be implemented in phases. 4. Furthermore, this paper will also tackle the issues involving the fairness of social justice in the agrarian reform. How is Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law (Philippines) abbreviated? Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law in the Philippines I. (1992). Previous agrarian reform efforts in the Philippines were never intended to reduce substantially the huge gap between the peasantry and the elite. CHAPTER II COVERAGE. Chapter XIV – FinancingEvery act or law shall need a funding source. is issued in order to undertake, in a more efficient manner, the implementation of the CARP over lands that were subjected to unauthorized transfers or conveyances. A Philippine state policy that assures and promotes the welfare of workers in landless clothing and farming, as well as improving social justice and equality in rural areas. In-stead, the purpose of land reform and related projects was to avert existing or potential agrarian unrest. A dozen bamboo and tarpaulin tents are pitched on the pavement, festooned with washing and banners - the department in charge of agrarian reform in Tagum City is … Define Agrarian Reform in the Philippines. Thus, agrarian reform is broader than land reform.D. Title. During the forum, an ally of PARAGOS shared the information that the policy structure of Agrarian Reform in Japan, Taiwan and Philippine are very similar as it originated from the same policy advisor, the United States of America. Section 2. The agrarian reform process in the Russian Revolution extended to several countries in Europe, such as Austria, Germany, Poland, and others. 1. In Philippines, the most critical aspect of Agrarian Reform is the land redistribution issue. During the time of President Corcoran Aquinas, the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law (CARL) was passed through Republic Act 6657 in 1988. ( slaves ) justice in the agriculture sector Act of 1933. Five days later, Presidential Decree 27 (PD 27) designated the entire country a land reform area and declared land reform the ―cornerstone of the New Society.‖ Success of the Agrarian Reform Program (ARP) would likely depend in large part upon 6657, signed by President Corazon Aquino on June 10, 1988.. For a long period of time, the agrarian system of Philippines was being controlled by the large landlords. WASHINGTON, June 26, 2020 – Around 750,000 people are expected to gain improved land tenure security and stable property rights through a new project that will facilitate land titles for over 1.3 million hectares of land that was granted as part of the Philippines’ Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP). The principles of agrarian reform or stewardship shall be in accordance with law in the disposition or utilization of other natural resources, including lands of the public domain, under lease or concession, suitable to agriculture, subject to prior rights, homestead … However, this law The Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP) was a land reform law mandated by Republic Act No. 6657, June 10, 1988 (Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law) – An act which became effective June 15, 1988 and instituted a comprehensive agrarian reform program to promote social justice and industrialization providing the mechanism for its implementation and for other purposes. 78742, July 14, 1989 (175 SCRA 343). * 1980 onwards: The year 1988 saw the formulation of Republic Act No. ASSOCIATION OF SMALL LANDOWNERS IN THE PHILIPPINES, INC. vs SECRETARY OF AGRARIAN REFORM G.R. – This Act shall be known as the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law of 1988. CARL went through a lot of amendments; the most recent of which was in 2009 through RA 9700 or the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program Extension with Reforms (CARPER). Agrarian Reform’s Core Principles The basic principles of a genuine, meaningful and sustainable agrarian reform program are enshrined Of these issues behind the Agrarian reform includes the security concerns of landless farmer, owner-cultivatorship and permanent lessees. In 1949, the revolution in the People’s Republic of China promoted a radical agrarian reform with the aim of nationalizing all land and means of production. Barangay Agrarian Reform Committee (BARC). 6657, otherwise, known as the comprehensive agrarian reform law of 1988, as amended, and appropriating funds therefor section 1. The Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP) was a land reform law mandated by Republic Act No. Republic of the Philippines DEPARTMENT ofAGRARIAN REFORM Administrative Order No. P hilippine society’s and economy’s constant need for Agrarian Reform has been the cornerstone of every administration and regime that the country has gone through from the Commonwealth to independence until that of the contemporary period (Putzel, 1992; Batara, 1996; Gleeck, 1993). CARL was the sixth land reform law in more than 50 years following land reform laws since 1933. Country/Territory Philippines Document type Legislation Date 2009 Source FAO, FAOLEX Long title An Act strengthening the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP), extending the acquisition and distribution of all agricultural lands, instituting necessary reforms, amending for the purpose certain provisions of Republic Act No. No. The current law, the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program, was passed following the revolution and recently extended until 2014 Tagalog Land reform in the Philippines has long been a contentious issue rooted in the Philippines's Spanish Colonial Period. Agrarian reform and conflict in the rural areas of the Philippines are closely intertwined. 456on 23rd August to rename the Department of Land Reform asDepartment of Agrarian Reform. Throughout the 20th century, Philippine governments made successive attempts to reform land ownership, albeit without achieving satisfying results (Dolan, 1991). It is an act amending several provisions of Republic Act 6657, or the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law (CARL) of 1988. The President is focusing on the distribution of Cloas to agrarian reform beneficiaries (ARBs) nationwide. Land Reform vs Agrarian Reform Reform is a word that means to improve or rectify a present situation, political or social system, or even an institution. LAND REFORM IN THE PHILIPPINES William H. Overholt* LAND REFORM in the Philippines began with the Amer-ican occupation, when land reform was fated to fail because farmers lacked the infrastructure and expertise to retain their farms. 1. In the decades of Filipino political freedom, the farmer, tenant, and the peasant have … Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the Philippines in Congress assembled: CHAPTER I Preliminary Chapter. The Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law (CARL or RA 6657) was passed in 1988 to change this situation. 6657, otherwise known as the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law (CARP) of 1988 and other agrarian laws as enunciated by pertinent rules shall be the exclusive prerogative of and cognizable by … Agrarian Reform Secretary John Castriciones has warned agrarian reform beneficiaries against selling land titles awarded to them under the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program. republic of the philippines department ofagrarian reform administrative order no. The Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program, more commonly known as CARP, is an agrarian reform law of the Philippines whose legal basis is the Republic Act No. Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law: Philippines The Republic Act No. Five days after the proclamation of Martial Law, the entire country was proclaimed a land reform area and simultaneously the Agrarian Reform Program was … 228 and R.A. No. It was the fifth land reform law in fifty years, following the land reform laws of Presidents Manuel Quezon, Ramon Magsaysay, Diosdado Macapagal and Ferdinand Marcos. Philip Juico, for instance, appointed to head the Department of Agrarian Reform (DAR) and to implement the government’s Comprehensive Agarian Reform Law (CARL) in mid-1987 quickly became the captive of conservative forces, led by the Department Under-Secretary Jose Medina, an experienced bureaucrat who had served loyally under Marcos. Date Filed: 2019-07-01 Full Title: AN ACT EXPANDING THE SCOPE OF AGRICULTURAL LANDS THAT CAN BE SUBJECT TO LAND REDISTRIBUTION, AMENDING FOR THE PURPOSE REPUBLIC ACT NO. 11 Moreover, the DAR maintained that the issuance of the "Certificate of Deposit" by the Landbank was a substantial compliance with Section 16(e) of RA 6657 and the ruling in the case of Association of Small Landowners in the Philippines, Inc., et al. Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law, why do you think farmers still. 27/E.O. THE AGRARIAN REFORM department may propose amendments to existing laws that will allow it to extend land distribution under the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP) beyond 2014, a … SEC. The program was to be implemented in phases. Used mainly as a tool to garner grassroots support, agrarian reforms were formally institutionalized by setting up regulations on land size and contracts. 6657 (RA 6657), also known as the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law (CARL) of 1988. Distinguished from Land Reform * 2 175 SCRA 343. 78742 July 14, 1989 Facts: The petitioners( Association of Small Landowners in the Philippines, Inc) in this case invoke the right of retention granted by P.D. 229, including other lands of … Looking for abbreviations of CARL? 66577, is more commonly known as CARP. KING RODRIGUEZ/PRESIDENTIAL PHOTO 6657, otherwise known as the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law (CARL). Manuel Roxas, On Agrarian Reforms 1946. – The Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law of 1988 shall cover, regardless of tenurial arrangement and commodity produced, all public and private agricultural lands as provided in Proclamation No. Moreover, what is agrarian reform law in the Philippines? It became P100 B and added P50 B last 1998. Agrarian Reform Law Books by Rex Book Store. Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law listed as CARL. Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program a Philippine state policy that ensures and promotes welfare of landless farmers and farm workers, as well as elevation of social justice and equity among rural areas. The agrarian reform law, known as the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP), was a sham. 4. The Philippines has a program called Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP) that aims to redistribute all agricultural lands to landless farmers. ADVERTISEMENT 2. 6657 otherwise known as The Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law or CARL, signed into law by former president Corazon C. Aquino and implementing to that effect the government program known as Comprehensive Agrarian Reform … Agrarian reform law changes may be needed. Matters involving strictly the administrative implementation of Republic Act No. Jamora and the small pack trooped the gates of the Department of Agrarian Reform, only to be denied entry. — Unless otherwise provided in this Act, the provisions of Executive Order No. Christian Monsod The issue as to which agrarian law between P. D. No. MANUEL QUEZON • Act No. Friar lands acquisitionD. These policies and principles help the landless cultivators in achieving maximum benefits. “A new and genuine land reform law must be put in place to protect our farmers and farmworkers. AGRARIAN REFORM LAW 1st Semester, AY 2014-2015 ATTY. Posted on August 19, 2011 by Vicente D. Gerochi IV • Posted in Constitutional Law, Philippines - Cases, Philippines - Law • Tagged agrarian reform, due process, public officers Here are selected July 2011 rulings of the Supreme Court of the Philippines on political law. The present agrarian law implemented nationwide is the Republic Act no. Republic Act No. Archbishop would have the Supreme Court read deeper into the law, to create exceptions that are not stated in PD 27 and RA 6657, and to do so would be to frustrate the revolutionary intent of the law, which is the redistribution of agricultural land for the benefit of landless farmers and farmworkers. Posted on April 04, 2012. ALVIN T. CLARIDADES Special Lecturer, PUP College of Law COURSE OUTLINE Part One – Overview of the Course on Agrarian Law General Concepts of Agrarian Reform Historical and Legal Backdrop Part Two – Legislative Backdrop RA 3844, as amended by RA 6389 - Code of… — This Act shall be known as the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law of 1988. 49. [2] It is the redistribution of private and … Barangay Agrarian Reform Committee (BARC) - Secs. Preliminary Chapter. 6657, OTHERWISE KNOWN AS THE ꞌCOMPREHENSIVE AGRARIAN REFORM LAW OF 1988ꞌ, AS AMENDED BY REPUBLIC ACT NO. The Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law: ObjectivesThe primary objective of instituting the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform law was to successfully devise land reform in Philippines.It was President Arroyo, who signed the Executive Order No. Title. We therefore push for the immediate enactment of House Bill 555, or the Genuine Agrarian Reform Bill (GARB) re-filed by Anakpawis Partylist Rep. Ariel Casilao in … — In addition… 2. Section 2. The […] "Sec. The weak government implementation of the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform … 9. To cite just a few: 6657, popular as the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law … It is the policy of the State to pursue a CARP was established by the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law of 1988 (CARL). CARP was established by the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law of 1988 (CARL). Revised Weekly Assignments for Agrarian Law & Social Legislation Section JD 2-3 (Fridays, 7:00-9:00 pm)WEEK 1 (September 25)I. The Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program of the Philippines: Implementing Program and Budget, 1988 – 1997. In order to implement the 1987 Constitution, Congress passed the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law of 1988. 27 to owners of rice and corn lands not exceeding seven hectares as long as they are cultivating or intend to … Through the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP) initiated in 1987, the government addressed key national goals: the promotion of equity and social justice, food security and poverty alleviation in the countryside. In order to settle this agrarian dispute, you may bring your concern to the Municipal Agrarian Reform Officer (MARO) in the municipality of the place where your property is located for a possible settlement and in order to clarify the reasons for … The Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program, more commonly known as CARP, is an agrarian reform law of the Philippines whose legal basis is the Republic Act No. AGRARIAN LAW AND SOCIAL LEGISLATION – ASSIGNMENT FOR SEPTEMBER 25, 2020 (PUP COLLEGE OF LAW, 1ST SEMESTER, AY 2020-2021) HISTORICAL AND LEGAL BACKDROP (MODULE 1)The encomienda system of plantations in the PhilippinesThe Philippine Bill of 1902Friar lands acquisitionThe Philippine Rice Share Tenancy Act (of 1933)State’s maiden attempt at enacting a major land reform law via Land Reform … SEC. agrarian and natural resources reform Section 4. On June 10, 1988, a year after the proclamation, Congress passed the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law. SEC. SECTION 1. A recent study by Tasso Adomopoulus and Diego Restuccia published in the American Economic Journal (2020) revealed that the productivity of CARP (Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program) lands fell by 17 percent, accompanied by a drop of 34 … Learning Theories Motivation and Behavior Change Agrarian facts Comprehensive Agrarian Reform LAW OF 1988 Cooperatives Presidential decree 27 Other related documents Hematology Reviewer Carbohydrates Pharmacognosy Who Cruises And Why - Lecture notes 1 TOUR 19 - Week 11 - Lecture notes 11 Presentation-menstrual-cycle Putzel, James. Land reform in the Philippines has long been a contentious issue rooted in the Philippines's Spanish Colonial Period.Some efforts began during the American Colonial Period with renewed efforts during the Commonwealth, following independence, during Martial Law and especially following the People Power Revolution in 1986. The Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law (Republic Act No. The Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP) has as its primary objectives both the improvement of equality and the increase in productivity and growth in the rural areas. WHAT ARE THE AGRARIAN REFORMS/PROGRAMS OF THE 15 PRESIDENTS OF THE PHILIPPINES? 131 and Executive Order No. 6657, June 10, 1988 (Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law) – An act which became effective June 15, 1988 and instituted a comprehensive agrarian reform program to promote social justice and industrialization providing the mechanism for its implementation and for other purposes. Legal reforms are essential to improve the situation of farmers in the Philippines. Scope. Landowners were allowed to retain up to five hectares plus three hectares for each heir at least fifteen years of age. 229, including other lands of … The agrarian reform version of Aquino the mother was bound to fail from the day HLI farmers agreed to become its stockholders on May 11, 1989. 1 The program is an expanded version of previous land reform programs in the On June 10, 1988, a year after the proclamation, Congress passed the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law. Agrarian (Land) Reform in the Philippines During Spanish Period 1. (R.A. NO. The Department of Agrarian Reform is the lead government agency that holds and implements comprehensive and genuine agrarian reform which actualizes equitable land distribution, ownership, agricultural productivity, and tenurial security for, of and with the tillers of the land towards the improvement of their quality of life. Personally, there’s no need for reforms in the agriculture sector. it was ruled that: 6657. "Agrarian Reform of Ferdinand Marcos" (during Pre-Martial Law) Pre Martial Law Sources "Chapter III. Historically,land-related remedies extended by past regimes and administrators proved to be totally unable to fulfill the promise of alleviating the quality of life of the landless peasants. The new strategy contributed to an unprecedented redistribution (or near-redistribution) of thousands of hectares of land to thousands of peasants in the Philippines between 1988 and 1998, the first decade of a major agrarian reform. Land Reform vs Agrarian Reform Reform is a word that means to improve or rectify a present situation, political or social system, or even an institution. From CARP to CARPER: A long-lasting agrarian reform. 6657, otherwise known as the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law (CARL). CARPER was not a perfect agrarian reform law if what is meant by perfect is a law that would redistribute land with no or little compensation to landlords. law regime. Philippine agrarian reform law was comprised of several sections. It is Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law. In the decades of Filipino political freedom, the farmer, tenant, and the peasant have … In the case of Land Bank of the Philippines v. Hon. CARL stands for Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law (Philippines). Accordingly, the Philippines has long embarked on what is known as the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Programme (CARP) to distribute land to landless farmers. — Department of Agrarian Reform. Agrarian Reform in the Philippines Essay Sample. Presidential Proclamation 131 and Executive Order 229 outlined Aquino’s land reform program, paving the way for Republic Act 6657 or the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law. Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law - How is Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law abbreviated? Impact of Agrarian Reform on Poverty ABSTRACT Using panel data from about 1,500 farm households and estimating from a logit model, the study shows that agrarian reform has had a positive impact on farmer beneficiaries. This is the main law on agrarian reform in the Philippines today. Implementing text(s) : 1987-07-26 (PHL-1987-R-3977) Executive Order No. YAP, VICTOR A. The Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program, more commonly known as CARP, is an agrarian reform law of the Philippines whose legal basis is the Republic Act No. 9700 Principal Author/s: 1. It instituted the implementation of the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP) which is meant to distribute lands to farmers in a span of 10 years and usher in new process of land classification, acquisition, and distribution. Agrarian Reform Philippines Agrarian Reform Philippines not only accelerated the productivity of the agricultural sector of the country, but promoted the agro-based industries as well.Agrarian Reform acts and laws in Philippines: gradual evolution * The beginning: The idea of initiating land reform programs in Philippines can be traced back to 1963. After pursuing various land reform programs for almost 90 years now, have we attained any of the avowed goals of agrarian reform? aimed for a nation with equitable land ownership and empowered agrarian reform beneficiaries while, at least, improving social lives. “...more than 600,000 hectares remain undistributed today Land reform in the Philippines has long been a contentious issue rooted in the Philippines's Spanish Colonial Period.Some efforts began during the American Colonial Period with renewed efforts during the Commonwealth, following independence, during Martial Law and especially following the People Power Revolution in 1986. Scope. The implementation of Agrarian reforms proceeded at a very slow pace. 6657, which institutes the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP), declares two objectives in its title: to promote social justice and to promote industrialization. The Department of Agrarian Reform was further re-named as the Ministry of Agrarian Reform in 1978, under the then Parliamentary form of government in Philippines. Vol. The weak government implementation of the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program, inherent loopholes in the This Administrative Order (A.O.) — This Act shall be known as the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law of 1988. Landowners were allowed to retain up to five hectares plus three hectares for each heir at least fifteen years of age. President Rodrigo Roa Duterte leads the distribution of certificates of land ownership award (CLOA) during a ceremony at the Department of Agrarian Reform (DAR) Gymnasium in Quezon City on August 27, 2019. 6657) prohibits the sale or lease of lands covered by certificates of land ownership award (Cloa) for at least 10 years. 229, including other lands of the public domain suitable … The Philippines Republic Act No. The beginning: The idea of initiating land reform programs in Philippines can be traced back to 1963. agrarian reform blocs in the Philippine Congress and thus also contained provisions inserted by landowner lobbyists that are considered loopholes in the law. … 6657 should apply in the determination of just compensation has been laid to rest in a number of cases. (1989). Republic Act No. Eli G. C. Natividad, 497 Phil 738 (2005). 1. No. — For the President Marcos declared martial law (International Labor Office, 1974). 1 The Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program or CARP is the program implemented from the passage of the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law or R.A. 6657 in 1988 while the CARP Extension with Reforms (CARPER) law or R.A. 9700 was passed in 2008 to extend the implementation of CARP. Yet it was a powerful law that even some left-wing skeptics acknowledged as having tough provisions. The redistribution of land was also very slow. With an allotment from the Congress of about p 50 billion (US$1.92 billion), the ten-year law has a remaining balance of p 4.91 billion (US$0.18 billion) to date. - The Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law of 1988 shall cover, regardless of tenurial arrangement and commodity produced, all public and private agricultural lands as provided in Proclamation No. 46 to 48 of RA 6657Section 46. 66577, is more commonly known as CARP. Declaration of Principles and Policies. The plight of farmers within the legal system was tackled in the first alternative law conference organized by the Alternative Law Group Network and the University of the Philippines College of Law.4 The conference identified three major problems obstructing the administration of justice through agrarian reform. AN ACT INSTITUTING A COMPREHENSIVE AGRARIAN REFORM PROGRAM TO PROMOTE SOCIAL JUSTICE AND INDUSTRIALIZATION, PROVIDING THE MECHANISM FOR ITS IMPLEMENTATION, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES. COMPREHENSIVE AGRARIAN REFORM LAW OF 1988 Republic Act No. This law is still the one being implemented at present. The State shall, by law, undertake an agrarian reform program founded on the right of farmers and regular farmworkers who are landless, to own directly or collectively the lands they till or, in the case of other farmworkers, to … The Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law was laid down in the year 1988, to protect the agricultural workers in Philippines. Scope — The Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law of 1988 shall cover, regardless of tenurial arrangement and commodity produced, all public and private agricultural lands as provided in Proclamation No. It has led to higher real per capita incomes and reduced poverty incidence between 1990 and 2000. It is mostly a government or authority initiated improvement that aims to bring changes in the lives of its people. If you have a tenant, for example, tilling four hectares and you are directly tilling the six hectares, the tenancy law will operate.
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