The orbital plane inclinations, and, therefore, the maximum distance each planet can be seen from the ecliptic, is shown in the figure below. present to improve their orbital models and to study the effects of tides on the movements of Io and Europa. • CLEA Jupiter’s Moons lab manual III. The moons of Jupiter have orbital periods ranging from seven hours to almost three Earth years. Jupiter’s Galilean satellites are easily seen with Earth-based telescopes nael i Glaru f•Toeh satellites orbit Jupiter in the plane of its equator • All are in synchronous rotation • The orbital periods of the three innermost Galilean satellites, Io, Europa, and Ganymede, are in the ratio 1:2:4 30 Incidentally, there is a teaching moment to be had from comparing the patterns of mutual eclipses at Jupiter and Saturn (figures 2 and 3 respectively). • Mass of Jupiter: 1.89*1027 kg Io Image by Galileo Spacecraft Io is the closest Galilean moon to Jupiter and the most geologically active body in the solar system. The ratios in the figure are of orbital periods. The three inner moons—Io, Europa, and Ganymede—are in a 4:2:1 orbital resonance with each other. Their orbital periods range from 1.8 days for Io to 16.7 days for Callisto. C. Galilean Moons Using the same technique, lo's, Europa's, Ganymede's, and Callisto's orbital periods are found to be, respectively, 1.769 days, 3.551 days, 7.155 days, and 16.69 days (sidereal). Credit: Michael Stegina/Adam Block/NOAO/AURA/NSF If the periods were indeed regular, and could be determined with high precision, the The graph illustrates the positions of the moons after 1, 2 and 3 Io periods… This relation makes a triple conjunction impossible. Wikimedia Commons There are two Io-Europa conjunctions (green) and three Io-Ganymede conjunctions (grey) for each Europa-Ganymede conjunction (magenta). The precise amount of time in Earth days it takes for each planet to complete its orbit can be seen below. And Callisto, the most distant of the Galilean moons, went around Jupiter in 16.7 days. Galilean Moons. In order to obtain quantitative Of Jupiter's moons, eight are regular satellites with prograde and nearly circular orbits that are not greatly inclined with respect to Jupiter's equatorial plane. Here is a picture of part of the downtown region of my home town, Columbus, Ohio, taken from the StreetView function of Google Maps: Notice how all the buildings seem “lined up”. Firstly let’s discuss some basic knowledge that will create a background for what it would look like from the surface. The most remarkable resonance involving Io-Europa-Ganymede includes the following relation locking the orbital phase of the moons: where are mean longitudes of the moons. The Galilean Moons In circular orbits in the same direction around Jupiter: Orbital Periods: Io: 1.8 days Europa: 3.6 days --(2 times Io's period) Ganymede: 7.2 days --(4 times Io's period) Callisto: 16.7 days Orbits of Io, Europa, and Ganymede are in resonance --this leads to significant eccentricities The two innermost Galilean satellites, Io. - probably have a considerable ocean of water beneith their surfaces. With this result, you will determine the mass of Jupiter based on Kepler's Third Law of planetary motion. In this part of the lab, you will be observing the orbital motions of the Galilean Moons to visually determine their orbital period. If you divide these periods by Io's period, you find that they are almost perfectly in the ratio of 1:2:4, a classic example of orbital resonance. They were discovered by Galileo Galilei and are known as the Galilean moons. These are the four Galilean moons, which are comparable in size to Earth's Moon. Table 1 shows that the first three Galilean moons are locked in a 4:2:1 orbital resonance. The measured orbital periods of the planets, compared with those of Jupiter's Galilean moons and the four inner planets of the Solar System. These satellites were initially discovered by Galileo and if you click on the image above, you will see a version of his observing log book where he noted the change of positions of the moons in each nights observations. The discovery, along with three other Jovian moons, was the first time a moon was discovered orbiting a planet other than Earth. The Galilean moons are the four moons of Jupiter discovered by Galileo Galilei.They are the largest of the 67 moons of Jupiter and among the more massive moons in the Solar System.They were discovered soon after Galileo made improvements to his telescope around January 1610. Europa and Ganymede. Ganymede. Io is the closest of the four Galilean moons to the planet. Astrolog showing Jupiter and its four Galilean moons: Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto. At this point, astronomers are basically finding smaller and smaller chunks of rock thanks to improved telescope technology. Europa Ganymede Callisto Io Innermost are strongly affected by tides from Jupiter Io: 1.8 days Europa: 3.6 days (2 times Io's period) Ganymede: 7.2 days (4 times Io's period) Callisto: 16.7 days Orbital Periods: Liquid H2O @ 1atm Cold Interior The moons' physical and orbital characteristics vary widely. Each of the Jovian planets has a number of moons, although Jupiter has the most with more than 60 catalogued to date. The discovery of the four Galilean satellites eventually led to the understanding that planets in our solar system orbit the Sun, instead of our solar system revolving around Earth. Three of the Galilean moons influence each other. The four 'Galilean' moons of Jupiter are visible in any small telescope (and under favourable conditions with binoculars), and it is fascinating to observe their changing positions night by night. A drawing with explanation might be the most useful. Repeat your observations several times (nightly, if possible) over a period of a couple of weeks. What you should be observing in the smaller window is a top view of the 4 Galilean Satellites. Observing Project: Jupiter's Moons. But, believe it or not, that will all make perfect, crystal clear sense to you soon! Aside from their common discovery, the moons are closely linked by gravitational interactions with each other and Jupiter. Using binoculars or a small telescope, view the moons of Jupiter. Contrary to popular belief, he did not invent the telescope, which was invented in Holland several years earlier. List of moons. Galileo observed the motions of the four moons as they orbited Jupiter and was able to measure their orbital periods. Conjunctions are highlighted by brief color changes. Figure 2. The moons of Jupiter are listed below by orbital period. The satellites of Jupiter consist of orbital periods that range from three to seven Earth years. The ratios in the figure are of orbital periods. Saturn. It is constantly being pulled and shaped by the gravitational powers of Jupiter and the other Galilean moons. Firstly let’s discuss some basic knowledge that will create a background for what it would look like from the surface. The inner three moons (Io, Europa and Ganymede) have a 4:2:1 orbital resonance. Why do the belts and zones on Saturn look … Unsurprisingly the the length of each planet’s year correlates with its distance from the Sun as seen in the graph above. 1. Tidal Heating of the Galilean Moons. Io affects the orbital periods Ganymede and Europa. ... Find the percent difference in their orbital periods. the Galilean moons, after Italian astronomer Galileo Galilei, who observed them in 1610. The Galilean sa For every four orbits of Io, Europa orbits twice and Ganymede orbits once. The most accurate ways to measure the positions of these moons are by photographic astrometry with large tele- The physical and orbital characteristics of the moons vary widely. For the orbital distances, you will have to invent your own measuring units from the simulation (i.e., you could put a ruler on the screen and measure distances in millimeters or whatever). We will focus our attention on these four fascinating bodies, each unique and totally different from the planetary bodies of the inner solar system. Similar fate may meet the retrograde moons. These studies need accurate positions spread over extended periods. • Galilean Moons of Jupiter • Rings of the Jovian planets Moons … The Galilean Moons all orbit in the same direction around Jupiter. A resonance is when the ratio of two periods can be expressed as a simple fraction or integer, such as 1-to-1 or 3-to-4.
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