Human trafficking involves the use of force, fraud, or coercion to obtain some type of labor or commercial sex act. The secretariat is managed by a thirteen (13) member management Board established by the Human Trafficking (HT) Act, 2005 (Act 694). Unfortunately, pundits opine that due cultural and customary practices, human trafficking is not considered a serious crime in Africa. For nearly two decades, the cornerstone legislative vehicle to address international human trafficking has been the TVPA, as amended and reauthorized in 2003 (P.L. US to consider visa restrictions for Ghana officials over failure to act on human trafficking, convicted criminals. If the victim of human trafficking is found and those two cannot be used, we encounter difficulties. The TIP report stated that trafficking within the country is more prevalent than transnational trafficking and the majority of victims are children. The 2005 Human Trafficking Act criminalized sex and labour trafficking. The Legal Resources Centre (LRC) a non-profit advocacy organization has recommended the amendment of the Human Trafficking Bill to make it more effective. Ghana, as a country, represents an epicenter for a vicious cycle where many men, women and children are victims of trafficking. In 2005, the Human Trafficking Bill was adopted by the Parliament of Ghana and passed into law on receiving presidential assent at the end of the year. 37 Full PDFs related to this paper. Magufuli rallies Tanzanians to feed world post-Covid. Prayer to end Human Trafficking in Ghana. In a comparative analysis of case study, this thesis focuses on the literature behind human trafficking in Ghana and three other comparative countries –Brazil, Indonesia, Cote d’Ivoire. Child trafficking in Ghana. Human trafficking often unfolds in various stages and over extended periods of time, typically involving multiple actors. Human trafficking or modern slavery is one of the most appalling forms of criminal activity today. Many Ghanaian children are trafficked from their home villages to work in the fishing industry. The Regulations are expected to promote and ensure the effective implementation of the Human Trafficking Act, 2005 (Act 694) as well as guarantee improved service delivery to … Ghana's 2005 Human Trafficking Act criminalizes the practice on the lake, and treaties such as the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child — ratified by Ghana in 1990, before any other country — discourage child labor and human trafficking. It is a crime that causes enormous physical and physiological damage to victims and their families, undermines national cohesion and erodes developmental gains. Ghana News Agency GNA, ... Fighting human trafficking: Ghana 's youngest victims. Many Ghanaian children are trafficked from their home villages to work in the fishing industry. Ghanaian act, implemented in 2005, designed to address the prevention, reduction and punishment of human trafficking, for the rehabilitation and reintegration of trafficking persons and for related matters. Also, human trafficking usually involves women and children. Each safe home helps their residents to embark on a safe journey, regaining control of their lives. This article examines the relationship between multidimensional child advocacy campaigns and the enactment of Ghana's Human Trafficking Act (2005). Footnote 177 Ghana's Human Trafficking Act (Act 694) of 2005 is representative of this model. The Trafficking Victims Protection Act (TVPA) was authorized in 2000 and was the first federal law to address sex trafficking and labor trafficking in the United States. Children as young as age 4 are subjected to forced labor in fishing in the areas around Lake Volta, This paper. Human Trafficking Act, 2005 Under the Act, induced prostitution, all other forms of sexual exploitation, and slavery all constitute trafficking. The evidence showed that GHTA achieved fairly its program objectives. It’s important to note, though, that human trafficking can include, but does not require, movement. Ghana prohibits all forms of trafficking through its 2005 Human Trafficking Act (HTA), which prescribes a minimum penalty of five years imprisonment for all forms of trafficking. At one time this article had been archived and may possibly still be accessible IJM Leading Human Trafficking Awareness Month Efforts Friday, January 11, 2019 — January is Human Trafficking Awareness Month, utilized by government agencies … Due to the large population of Nigeria, the country is routinely tagged as one of the leading African countries in human trafficking with cross-border and internal trafficking. 1. hana’s Human Trafficking Act (Act)1 was enacted on December 5, 2005 to address human trafficking activity within, to, from, and through Ghana. of Ghana, Human Trafficking Act 2005 (694) The strategy should highlight Government of Ghana, Domestic Violence Act prevention, protection and partnership 2007 (732) Government of Ghana… Mr. Jackson expressing his deep concern about the conditions of human trafficking in Ghana at present said, “for three years now we have seen the number of prosecutions decline and for me this raises issues about the commitment of the government of Ghana to addressing this issue. Research from August 2016 reported that 35.2% of households consisted of trafficked children with 18% working in the fishing industry, 10% in domestic servitude and a few reports of early and forced marriage. The Guinean couple moved to the United States in the mid-1990s. Ghana prohibits all forms of trafficking through its 2005 Human Trafficking Act (HTA), which prescribes a minimum penalty of five years' imprisonment for all forms of trafficking. and reintegration of trafficked persons and for related matters. “Human trafficking,” “trafficking in persons,” and “modern slavery” are umbrella terms used to refer to both sex trafficking and compelled labor. Reauthorization Act of 2008; 22 U.S.C. Human Trafficking Act is too broad. This penalty is sufficiently stringent and commensurate with penalties prescribed for other serious offenses, such as rape. Board Approved January 25, 2021. We are now living in a world where Human Trafficking is the fastest growing criminal enterprise. In Ghana, West Africa, the internal trafficking of children is one of the biggest challenges. Human trafficking, also called trafficking in persons, form of modern-day slavery involving the illegal transport of individuals by force or deception for the purpose of labour, sexual exploitation, or activities in which others benefit financially.Human trafficking is a global problem affecting people of all ages. Desert Locust ‘re-invasion’ threatens millions across Horn of Africa. ), is also a form of human trafficking. 108- Figure. 2019-03-07. Diaspora news. These girls, who have been victims of human trafficking believe the authorities must act fast to stop the inflow of other innocent girls from Nigeria, many of whom are being lured to Ghana under the guise of earning a decent living. Janet Mohammed. It is a crime that causes enormous physical and physiological damage to victims and their families, undermines national cohesion and erodes developmental gains. 75% Of Human Trafficking is for sexual exploitation and are female. A person is liable to be tried and punished in Ghana for trafficking if the person does an act which if done within the jurisdiction of the courts in this country would have constituted the offence of trafficking. The first intervention that needs to be done by the government is formulating and implementation of human trafficking act Ghana. We are not talking about children helping their families. CONCLUSION Slavery and Human Trafficking happens in nearly every country in the world, developing or developed countries. Download PDF. However, most of the works on human trafficking have focused on challenges, health implication on victims, its threats to national security and transnational human trafficking activities with little attention on the implementation plans of the policies, legal and institutional frameworks that govern the Act. Of the 113, the Ghana Police Service (GPS) Anti-Human Trafficking Unit (AHTU) reported conducting 91 investigations of potential trafficking crimes, compared with 118 investigations in 2016. Janet Mohammed. [ Human Trafficking, Country-by-Country] GHANA (Tier 2) – Extracted from the U.S. State Dept 2020 TIP Report The Government of Ghana does not fully meet the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking but is making significant efforts to do so. industrial designs act, 2003 (act 660) 2003: human trafficking act, 2005 (act 694) 2005: ghana meteorological agency act, 2004 (act 682) 2004: public utilities regulatory commission act, 1997 (act 538) 1997: whistleblower act, 2006 (act 720) 2006: persons with disability act, 2006 (act 715) 2006: national lotto act, 2006 (act 722) 2006 By Raggie Johansen Human trafficking is an international problem affecting millions of people and many countries around the world. Many Ghanaian children are trafficked from their home villages to work in the fishing industry. Support Trafficked Children in Ghana Background While most children their age are either at school or playing with their friends, trafficked children who work in the fishing industry in Ghana are forced to work under the searing heat of the sun. Human Trafficking is not something that should be promoted or celebrated and should be put to a stop. The Human Trafficking Act, the Domestic Violence Act (Act 732), the Criminal Law (Amendment) Act are all in place and if effectively implemented, the modern day slave trade could be eliminated. Malaria vaccine hailed as potential breakthrough. This article assessed the success or otherwise of the Ghana Human Trafficking Act (GHTA), 2005, in curbing human trafficking. Human Trafficking and Forced Labour in Ghana… Human Trafficking of Nigerians in Italy. Human trafficking, also called trafficking in persons, form of modern-day slavery involving the illegal transport of individuals by force or deception for the purpose of labour, sexual exploitation, or activities in which others benefit financially.Human trafficking is a global problem affecting people of all ages. Name: Human Trafficking Act, 2005: Country: Ghana: Subject(s): Elimination of forced labour: Type of legislation: Law, Act: Adopted on: 2005: Entry into force: N2 - Abstract This article examines the relationship between multidimensional child advocacy campaigns and the enactment of Ghana's Human Trafficking Act (2005). 106-386) and internationally since the passage To address human trafficking / trafficking in persons, Ghana enacted the Hu-man Trafficking Act 2005, (Act 694) with a … This is a statement of the steps General Mills has taken in an effort to ensure slavery and human trafficking are not taking place in our supply chain or business and covers General Mills’ Fiscal 2020, the period of 12 months ending on May 31, 2020. The TVPA focused on the prevention and protection for trafficking survivors, as well as prosecution for traffickers. The overall goal of the Human Trafficking Secretariat (HTS) is to facilitate the prevention and combating of Trafficking cases in Ghana. By Raggie Johansen Human trafficking is an international problem affecting millions of people and many countries around the world. Countless of Ghana’s children are taken from their homes and brought … Since this me, the In Ghana, despite the promulgation of the Human Trafficking Act 2005, Act 694, a significant number of people in some communities actively engage in human trafficking. The government of Ghana has implemented various programs to combat trafficking within the country under the Human Trafficking Act first passed in 2005. Nationwide Sensitization Of The Human Trafficking Act (ILO) This project involved the teaching of anti-trafficking legislation and international best practices to target publics including judges, lawyers, law enforcement agencies and policy makers. This document aligns with national legislation on trafficking in persons (TiP), including the 2005 Human Trafficking Act (Act 694), the 2009 Human Trafficking Amendment Act (Act … The first legislative model, the “blanket” approach, situates child trafficking within wider clandestine networks of human trafficking. This topic is a huge challenge for the country. The 2005 Human Trafficking Act, amended in 2009 to align its definition of human trafficking with Is Sudan committed to fighting human trafficking? The Act’s com-position was mainly guided by the United Nations Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and Children (Palermo Protocol),2 which is the primary Child trafficking in Ghana. Child trafficking in Ghana. INTRODUCTION . Ghana’s Human Trafficking Act defines trafficking in persons in similar terms as article 3 of the Palermo Protocol. Download Full PDF Package. A. Atia Apusigah. In Ghana, despite the promulgation of the Human Trafficking Act 2005, Act 694, a significant number of people in some communities actively engage in human trafficking. ‡ Child labor understood as the worst forms of child labor per se under Article 3(a)–(c) of ILO C. 182.. In the recent case of PK(Ghana) v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2018] EWCA Civ 98 (judgment here), the Court of Appeal had to decide whether policy guidance published by the Secretary of State, on granting discretionary leave to remain for victims of trafficking, were lawful.The Court held that the policy guidance was unlawful, having regard to the 2005 Trafficking Convention. Day-to-day management of human rights is overseen by our Manager for Global Sustainability & Social Impact, and the implementation of human rights in our supply chain, including our agricultural supply chain, is overseen by our Director for Global Responsible Sourcing and Senior Director of Strategic Sourcing. According to her, the government has put in place systems and structures to address the teaming issues on human trafficking in the country. Corpus ID: 55841970. Author: Parliament of the Republic of Ghana . It’s also one of the most widespread and fastest-growing. The majority of children subject to human trafficking are transported within Ghana for labor in cocoa, domestic work, commercial sexual exploitation, and fishing. Despite the huge and increasingly rising statistics in Ghana, this child trafficking in Ghana menace can be resolved however all stakes holders need to be involved. A. Atia Apusigah. T1 - From child labor "problem" to human trafficking "crisis" T2 - Child advocacy and anti-trafficking legislation in Ghana. • Amend the 2015 implementing regulations for the 2005 Ghana Anti-Trafficking Act to remove the option of a fine in lieu of imprisonment in cases where the trafficker is a parent or guardian of the child victim. Trafficking in persons is a heinous international crime and human rights abuse. Only the drug trade makes more money and, perhaps, causes more misery. Please read 16 Things You Should Know About Human Trafficking: 1. DD was a victim of human trafficking. Human Trafficking continues to be an issue that is easy to ignore and the conversation on modern slavery in Ghana remains full of claim and counter-claim. The purpose of the Network is to engage experts, particularly those with lived experience, to provide expertise and input on Department of State anti-trafficking policies, strategies, and products related to human trafficking, […] June 29, 2017 Ghana remains on course in the fight against human trafficking, says Minister of Gender, Children and Social Protection, Madam Otiko Afisa Djaba. In the recent case of PK(Ghana) v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2018] EWCA Civ 98 (judgment here), the Court of Appeal had to decide whether policy guidance published by the Secretary of State, on granting discretionary leave to remain for victims of trafficking, were lawful.The Court held that the policy guidance was unlawful, having regard to the 2005 Trafficking Convention. Ghana’s legal foundation, the 1992 Constitution, promotes the protection of the human rights of the citizenry, including women and children. A short summary of this paper. The Ghana Immigration Service (GIS) is one of the security agencies mandated by the Human Trafficking Act, 2005 Act 694 to help combat the transnational crime of trafficking in Ghana. Prayer to end Human Trafficking in Ghana. The government reported increased investigative efforts, but decreased anti-trafficking prosecution efforts. Ghana's Human Trafficking Act: Successes and Shortcomings in Six Years of Implementation @article{Sertich2011GhanasHT, title={Ghana's Human Trafficking Act: Successes and Shortcomings in Six Years of Implementation}, author={Manda Sertich and M. Heemskerk}, journal={THE HUMAN RIGHTS BRIEF}, year={2011}, volume={19}, pages={1} } In turn, Cros-Toure’s father gave DD to his daughter and her husband, Mohamed Toure. Human trafficking is the act of recruiting, harboring, transporting, providing or obtaining a person for compelled labor or commercial sex acts through the use of force, fraud or coercion. The government demonstrated overall increasing efforts compared to the previous reporting period; therefore Ghana remained on Tier 2. Addressing a press conference in Accra today, […] ... A person is liable to be tried and punished in Ghana for trafficking if the person does an act which if . Damba festival in Northern Ghana. This publication points out the key strengths and weaknesses of the Human Trafficking Act, 2005 (Act 694) and proposes some measures for strengthening the current legislative and policy The 2018 TIP Report also identifies several areas for improvement in Ghana’s response to human trafficking. Y1 - 2010/9/1. The 2005 Human Trafficking Act, amended in 2009, criminalized sex trafficking and labor trafficking. This statement describes Vertiv’s ongoing efforts to combat and prevent human trafficking and modern slavery in its business operations and global supply chains. Human trafficking is of great concern to the United States and the international community. Trafficking of Ghanaian women to the Middle East and North Africa Region (MENA) for sexual exploitation has over the years been a worrying phenomenon for the governments of Ghana … The Human Trafficking Act prescribed penalties of a minimum of five years’ imprisonment, which were sufficiently stringent and, with respect to sex trafficking, commensurate with those prescribed for other serious crimes, such as rape. Ghana is a country of origin, transit, and destination for men, women, and children subjected to forced labor and sex trafficking. In view of these, the Human Trafficking Act, 2005 Act 694 was enacted towards prevention, reduction and … Trafficking of children for labor and sexual exploitation also occurs within Ghana. Human trafficking in Ghana is a nationwide affair but is more prominent in the Volta region and the oil-producing Western region. The overall goal of the Human Trafficking Secretariat (HTS) is to facilitate the prevention and combating of Trafficking cases in Ghana. Year Published: 2005. Nearly half of women, girls ‘do not own their bodies’, UN says. This report, prepared by the Law Library of Congress, describes the programs of eighteen countries and the European Union involving combating human trafficking, with a special focus on the training of personnel. FOR THE ELIMINATION OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING IN GHANA 5 FOREWORD Human trafficking and its related crimes constitute some of the gravest human rights violations of our times. TRAFFICKING IN GHANA v FOREWORD Human trafficking and its related crimes constitute some of the gravest human rights violations of our times. Dear Honorable Nana Oye Lithur, When would Ghana see an end to Human Trafficking? This act calls for the prevention of trafficking, the protection of victims and survivors and the prosecution of those responsible for trafficking. Signed January 26, 2021 . In 2004, the UN Commission on Human Rights appointed a special rapporteur to focus on the human rights aspects of trafficking in persons [8]. ... which was a claim for damages brought by a refugee from Ghana. nDevelop a comprehensive national Ghana, Children's Act 1998 (560) Government strategy to combat child trafficking. The government has over the years embarked on rigorous anti-trafficking law enforcement activities to stop the practice. Ghana's Human Trafficking Act (2005). This article assessed the success or otherwise of the Ghana Human Trafficking Act (GHTA), 2005, in curbing human trafficking. Throwing more light on Ghana’s efforts, Mrs Morrison said the British High Commission on February 1, 2019, supported the operationalization of the adult shelter, where 63 victims of trafficking were cared for. Human Trafficking and Forced Labour in Ghana. Specifically, article 5 Attachments. Human trafficking is defined as Effective anti-trafficking law enforcement efforts are challenging. The study revealed that the Government of Ghana has made concerted efforts to combat human trafficking in Ghana. I argue that while child advocacy has a rich history, the diffuse labor-oriented advocacy characteristic of the 1990s failed to articulate an achievable goal. By: Latifa Carlos According to US federal law, child sex trafficking involves engaging a person younger than 18 years in a commercial sex act (sexual activity for which there is an exchange of something of value). It is disheartening that Ghana could be accorded as the host and centre for the wicked and abominable act of human trafficking and its worse forms of sexual exploitation trafficking … In the TVPA, Congress defines severe forms of Focused on 20 highly vulnerable districts, the Bangladesh Counter Trafficking-in-Persons Program aims to mobilize and coordinate the actions of local and national governments, non-governmental organizations, and citizens and community leaders. Implementing the national plan of action against trafficking with dedicated resources, including funding and implementation of the human trafficking fund. Cross-border Human Trafficking Into, Through and From Ghana IOM Ghana Research - Cross-border Human Trafficking The occurrence of human trafficking in Ghana first gained internaonal a˘enon in 2002, with the release of a research study that highlighted the forced labour of children in the fishing industry. The Human Trafficking Act, 2005 (Act 694) of Ghana, defines human trafficking as “the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring, trading or … Bonded into labour due to poverty, these children (some as young as 4 years old) spend their days on Lake Volta – paddling boats, Trafficking in persons is modern-day slavery, involving victims who are forced, defrauded, or coerced into labor or sexual exploitation. Solutions to child trafficking in Ghana . In short, the difficulty in identifying victims of trafficking is caused by the lack of clarity in defining human trafficking.16 Given this lack of certainty, human HUMAN TRAFFICKING ACT, 20051(1) AN ACT for the prevention, reduction and punishment of human trafficking, for the rehabilitation . The Human Trafficking Act prescribed penalties of a minimum of five years’ imprisonment, which were sufficiently stringent and, with respect to sex trafficking, commensurate with those prescribed for other serious crimes, such as rape. Ghana (Tier 2) Ghana is a source, transit, and destination country for internationally trafficked persons, primarily children. It can happen in any community and victims can be any age, race, gender, or nationality. Link to Resource: Read More. Every year, millions of men, women, and children are trafficked worldwide – including right here in the United States. Florence Gbolu, Journalists for Human Rights JHR, Ghana, August 8, 2006. July 5, 2016 General News, Lead Comments Off on US to consider visa restrictions for Ghana officials over failure to act on human trafficking, convicted criminals This dissertation provided an analysis on the factors that influence child trafficking in Ghana and included the child victim – offender familiarity and the spread of child trafficking cases. The Honorable Nana Oye Lithur Minister of Gender, Children and Social Protection Ministries Accra. These girls, who have been victims of human trafficking believe the authorities must act fast to stop the inflow of other innocent girls from Nigeria, many of whom are being lured to Ghana under the guise of earning a decent living. In 2017, Ghana was ranked by the US Trafficking in Person (TIP) Report, as one of the countries with the highest prevalence of internal and cross border human trafficking. Health. The United States’ commitment to fighting modern slavery did not simply materialize 12 years ago with the passage of the Trafficking Victims Protection Act (TVPA) or the adoption the same year of the U.N. Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children (Palermo Protocol). A form of modern-day slavery, human trafficking is a serious public health emergency affecting 12 to 30 million people, including more than 5 million children. In 2017, Ghana was ranked by the US Trafficking in Person (TIP) Report, as one of the countries with the highest prevalence of internal and cross border human trafficking. The 2005 Human Trafficking Act, amended in 2009, criminalized sex trafficking and labor trafficking. Congress has long been engaged on trafficking-related issues. 2370c et seq. These three laws constitute the legal framework for combating human trafficking in Ghana and exist together with the 1998 Children’s Act (Act 560), the 1960 Criminal Act (Act 29) and the 1960 Criminal Procedure Act (Act 30). All three countries are known for tourism so human trafficking is expected to be in act, especially if its over populated and having different people from different countries coming in and out. Human trafficking is a hidden crime, in which perpetrators take advantage of power imbalances and coerce and intimidate their victims into silence. [13] Eighty percent of North Koreans who escape into China are women.Nine out of 10 of those women become victims of human trafficking, often for sex.If the women complain, they are deported back to North Korea, where they are thrown into gulags or are executed. And over 50% of all Human Trafficking victims are children. Although Ghana does not meet the minimum standards for the elimination of human trafficking, these increased efforts have resulted in Ghana’s upgrade from Tier 2 Watch List to a Tier 2 ranking in the 2018 TIP Report. Over time, as her own understanding grew and as the effects of the Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000—the first comprehensive federal law to address human trafficking—filtered down to the clinic, Chang redefined these patients as victims, forced by poverty or isolation into a life of servitude, often trading sex for money or drugs. † Determined by national law or regulation as hazardous and, as such, relevant to Article 3(d) of ILO C. 182. Footnote 28 Article 3 of the Palermo Protocol which provides the first internationally agreed definition of trafficking in persons defines the term as follows: Faculty of Law, Ghana Institute of Management and Public Administration (GIMPA), Accra, Ghana Abstract: December 2015 marked 10 years since Ghana enacted the Human Trafficking Act, 2005 (Act 694) to combat Trafficking in Persons in Ghana. Commenting on the report, U.S. As a small child, DD’s father gave her to Denise Cros-Toure’s father in exchange for goods. On the 17th of November at Kpeyibor – South Tongu District- Volta Region, The French Embassy, Ghana in partnership with the International Organization for Migration (IOM) and the Ministry for Gender, Children and Social Protection carried out a booklet launch to sensitize the Ghanaian public on the anti-human trafficking law. The Human Trafficking Act ("the Act") criminalizes the trafficking of persons within and across borders by the use of threat, fraud, and exploitation of vulnerability or by paying to gain consent. ... the legal definition of human trafficking set forth in the Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000 (TVPA) will be used. Sections 1–3 and 42 of the Human Trafficking Act; Sections 1–2 of the Human Trafficking … like The National Plan of Action for the Elimination of Human Trafficking of 2017, The Human Trafficking Act of 2005; Act 694, The Children‟s Act of 1998, Act 560, The Ghana Immigration Law, and The National Migration Policy. In Ghana, the internal trafficking of children into hazardous labour is a major challenge. By Raggie Johansen Human trafficking is an international problem affecting millions of people and many countries around the world. Anti-TIP efforts have accelerated in the United States since the enactment of the Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of 2000 (TVPA, P.L. The Legal Resources Centre (LRC) a non-profit advocacy organization has recommended the amendment of the Human Trafficking Bill to make it more effective. Office of Human Services Emergency Preparedness and Response (OHSEPR) Office of Legislative Affairs and Budget (OLAB) Office of Planning, Research & Evaluation (OPRE) Office of Refugee Resettlement (ORR) Office of Regional Operations (ORO) Office on Trafficking in Persons (OTIP) Public Assistance Reporting Information System (PARIS) The Illegal Fishing and Forced Labor Prevention Act legislation would be a major step in combating illegal fishing and human trafficking in the global seafood industry. The majority of children subject to human trafficking within Ghana are exploited for labor in cocoa, domestic work, commercial sexual exploitation, gold mining, and fishing. HUMAN TRAFFICKING IN GHANA: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS iii ABSTRACT Human Trafficking in Ghana: A Comparative Analysis Erica Miller Director: Timothy Schorn, Ph.D. The secretariat is managed by a thirteen (13) member management Board established by the Human Trafficking (HT) Act, 2005 (Act 694).
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